ardim -
实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（人口增加、工业用水增加）
3） 我们应该怎么办？
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
Generally, people think that fresh water is inexhaustible. Every year there is enough rain. And there is plenty of fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What"s more, we have a lot of underground water.
Actually, fresh water is in a short supply. Due to the rapid population increase, fresh water consumption remains great. Besides, with the development of industry, more water is needed. Moreover, a lot of our rivers and lakes have been so polluted that water from them is undrinkable.
We must take some measures to solve the problem of water shortage. First, population growth should be slowed down to reduce fresh water demand. Second, pollution should be controlled to purify fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is most important, we should cherish every drip of water in our daily life.
再如：95年1 月份试题：
提纲：1） 有人认为钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）
2） 有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of evil)
3） 我的看法。
Some think that money is the source of happiness. Once they have money, they will enjoy everything. They can use the money they have to buy, a beautiful house or even a wife.
Some others think that money is the root of all evil. Due to the greed for money, people will do various kinds of evil things, such as stealing, robbing or even murder. Money can easily change a kind, honest man into a cruel, cunning woe.
In my opinion, both of the above-mentioned viewpoints go to an extreme. Money itself is neither good nor evil. It all depends on how we look at it. We can not deny the importance of money in the modern society. Meanwhile, we should not ignore the fact that something can not be bought by money, such as friendship, true love and so on.
这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。
2．调整法
尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，同学们应根据英语文章的类型，重新安排文章。如上面有关钱的一个写作，按照英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。
What is money? To this question, different people hold differently. Some thing money is the source of happiness, while some regard it as the root of all evils. As far as I am concerned, they both have their reasons
Those who consider money as the source of happiness argue that money means massive house, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and can enable them and their families live comfortably. They even believe that money can bring power, friendship, and love. But due to the temptation of money, there are many people who become thieves, robbers, or murderers. It is also out of the greed for money that some officials forget their duty and cause enormous losses to the country, so some people think that money is the root of all evil and suggest that we keep away from money.
In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used.
二、 首段和尾段的写作
上一讲中我们介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。根据四六级写作的特点，一般首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢，下面我介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。
1．首段的写作
首段的写作方式一般为：
运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题，2）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点
首段开篇的方式常见的有：
1） 谚语法
由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。
As the saying goes, Money makes the mare go, but there are many things we can"t buy with money, such as time and true love. …
2） 定义法
定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。
Practice makes perfect is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.
3） 提问法
通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。
a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.
4） 概括法
概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.
5） 故事法
故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing?
6） 引语法
Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and can"t be retained. From Vinci"s words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.
7） 调查法
为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题，如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing?的1）和Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?的4）。
8） 假设法
假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。
Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? …
9） 综合法
具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。
首段示例1：
题目：Is Stress a Bad Thing?
提纲：1）有人害怕压力
2） 有人认为压力并不是一件坏事
3） 我的看法
I can"t stand the pressure and competition, explained one friend of mine when asked why he decided to quit his highly-paid but demanding position in his company recently. My friend may have his own reasons, but I don"t think his decision is wise in reality.
It is true that my friend"s case is not unique. In the last few years quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive at the cost of a comfortable, easy life a highly-paid job can obtain. They are afraid that the stresses and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally. In fact, however, stress isn"t the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless, idle life. People under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth - the very aim of a human life.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.
就这一标题而言，根据所提示的提纲，首段的写作还可以采用下列方式：
1) According to a recent survey, in the last few years, quite a number of young people have chosen to quit their demanding but highly-paid jobs. Although they may have their own respective reasons, I don"t think their decision is wise in reality.
2) Which job do you prefer, a highly-paid but very competitive position or a poorly-paid but also less demanding job? You may choose the latter and have your own reasons, but I don"t think this choice is wise enough whatever reasons.
3) Faced with a hard and demanding task, people"s attitude varies widely: some try to avoid it and others regard it as a challenge to their abilities. In fact the choice we make between flight or fight make the difference between leaders and mediocrities(平庸之辈).
首段示例2：
标题：Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?
提纲： 1）随着科技的发展，网络越来越普及；
2）网络有其优点但也有缺点；
3）我的观点
根据上面的提示，首段可有下列几种方式：
1) Nowadays, using the Internet has become a fashion. Many parents begin to teach their children to use the Internet. However, there are diverse opinions on this. Some think it wise, but I don"t agree with them.
2) Today, the Internet is becoming more and more common. It begins to play a more and more important role in our society and life. It"s so useful that most adults are learning how to use it. What about children? Of course they can start using it.
3) Today, with the development of science and technology, the Internet is beginning to play a more and more important role in our life. More and more people are starting to use the Internet, including schoolchildren. However, I think schoolchildren are too young to start using the Internet.
4) According to a recent survey, Internet users are becoming younger and younger, and Internet bars have become a resort for schoolchildren who log in to chat or play games. Faced with this phenomenon, many people argue for measures to prevent schoolchildren from using the Internet, and I think they have their reasons.
2． 结论段的写作
结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。
常见的方式有：
1） 重述或总结主题
重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。
Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life.
2） 提出建议
Since postcards do us more harm and good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.
3） 概括总结
As we can see from the above, living in the suburb we can stay away from pollution, lead an easy leisure time, and needn"t invest too much money, so I prefer living in the suburb to living in the city.
4） 引用名人名言
In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.
5)综合法
与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来，
贝勒 -
My Grandmother`s Love Letter
by Hart Crane
There are no stars tonight
But those of memory.
Yet how much room for memory there is
In the loose girdle of soft rain.
即使没有星星的夜晚
却有这些回忆
然而在霪雨绵绵的围绕
有多少回忆的空间在其中
There is even room enough
For the letters of my mother`s mother,
Elizabeth,
That have been pressed so long
Into a corner of the roof
That they are brown and soft,
And Liable to melt as snow.
这里还有我祖母，伊莉莎白
她的情书所在
已经被收藏在屋顶的角落里头
角落中的情书泛黄而软烂
甚至有可能会如雪融一般
Over the greatness of such space
Steps must be gentle.
It is all hung by an invisible white hair.
It trembles as birch limbs webbing the air.
在这样神圣的空间中
脚步必须是温柔的
这里全部都悬挂了看不见的苍苍白发
发丝拂掠
恰似空气布满著白桦树的枝枒
And I ask myself:
而我扪心自问：
""Are your fingers long enough to play
Old keys that are but echoes:
Is the silence strong enough
To carry back the music to its source
And back to you again
As though to her?""
你的手指长到足以指挥
回响所生的古老音调
是否强烈的安静到足够
回溯音律的源头
又犹如祖母般
再一次
回到你自己？
Yet I would lead my grandmother by the hand
Through much of what she would not understand;
And so I stumble.And the rain continues on the roof
With such a sound of gently pitying laughter.
而我的手牵引著我的祖母
去穿越那些她不曾明白的种种
我深深地
踌躇著
随著一阵缓缓的同情笑声
雨还是不断的落
Living in the country and living in the city do have distinct benefits.
To start with, let"s talk bout living in the country. The quiet life and gentle pace of living in the country are very attractive. Moreover, most people who prefer to live in the country love the clean environment there, which is good to people"s health. Furthermore, people in the countryside are more friendly, as they are ready to help at any moment.
Though there are numerous advantages of living in the country, we can not ignore the merits of living in the city. The decisive fator that I need to point out first is the super convenient transportation, with which we can visit our friends and go to work easily. What"s more, we have various selection of goods in the shops and huge shopping malls built everywhere in the city. Meanwhile, we can access to a variety kinds of entertainment, such as exhibitions, films and plays, if we live in the city.
这篇我敢保证质量…但我不太擅长写记叙文,所以下面的写的可能过于理论了…
还有字数可能太多了...
This summer, I went to the beach with my family for vocation. I took a week off from my work and booked a hotel before we go. My son was very excited because it was the first time that he ever saw the sea. And I and my wife thought this was a good chance to escape from the high speed working life and relax ourselves. For the whole week, we swam in the sea, basked in the warm sunshine, ate seafood and had fun. We really had a good time and I felt very relax, resulting a better efficiency when I was back to work. Moreover, this trip enhenced the relationship of my family, because we know each other better through the vocation and we usually don"t have much to communicate.
Dear boss
I have heard that you wanted a clerk,just in time,I want to be a clerk in a book store,here are some reasons of mine .First,I like introducing good books to people,because I like talking with people.secend,I want to let students konw the importance of reading,as you know,most of the students don"t like reding,I think t can help them.Third,I want to make some money by doing this part-time job,and give the money to the poor children,it"s also the most important reason why I want to have this job.So,please give me a chance I"ll try my best to do it well.
Yours
XX
啊...！累死我啦！严重要求加分！
余辉 -
Bullying month was surprised and exclaimed: "scholar caution!"
At this time, ice after the hatred value has been I firmly lock, no doubt, she this skill against must be sent to me!
A sarcastic smile in ice after the mouth cape rippling spreads, the ice blue ice crystal face distortion of bottom.
"Go to dead!"
Ice after big shrieked roar, suddenly arms forward a swing that ray bright giant ice spear ride!
So fast that I didn"t even have no chance to dodge, had to crustily skin of head against the left arm suddenly a flick block before chest, thunder barriers also seems to be sensed crisis coming, "PaCha PaCha" two sound LeiGuang jumping, thunder barriers shield the vision of appear in front, right now, after the release of ice ice lance skills has been overwhelming raids!
"Knock!"
Ice crumbs flying, all over a severe ice lance unexpectedly tremble, and the thunder barriers in until above break open, followed by a big hole until the prick my breastplate, and a pain upon me, and in the MM surprised ands, I"d be BOSS under the ice lance both man and the shield punctured!